Made in Venezuela: The Struggle to Reinvent Venezuelan Labor Jonah Gindin This paper explores the recent developments in the Venezuelan labor movement after Chavez’s election in 1998. The radical change that brought Chavez to power also led to a dramatic split in the labor movement between Chavez supporters and opposers. A large portion of unions affiliated to the Confederation of Venezuelan Workers (CTV) split from the CTV to form National Union of Venezuela Workers (UNT) in 2003. Since then, UNT has promoted a new kind of unionism based on worker-state co-management, as a key part of Venezuela’s new strategy of endogenous development centered on the slogan “made in Venezuela”. Three co-management models have emerged in this process. The first model emerged at Cadafe, the state electric company, where workers occupied two positions in a five-member coordinating committee through a well-organized push for co-management from below. The second model emerged in the paper factory Venepal, where workers formed a cooperative (Covimpa) to run the company. Covimpa now owns a 49 percent share in the factory and wants to own all of the shares. The third model emerged in the state-owned aluminum processing plant Alcasa, which was chosen as the guinea pig of a nation-wide government strategy of co-management that aimed to fight inefficiency and corruption through the replacement of management with workers, elected by workers. The paper argues that the new union strategies and co-management experiences in Venezuela have revived the crucial ideological debates about the socialist, capitalist and corporatist models of co-management; as well as questions of how to balance workers’ control with community interests, and union autonomy with the need to support a socialist government.